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Thyateira and the Battle of Magnesia
Before the decisive Battle of Magnesia in 190 BCE, the Seleucid army camped in the area around Thyateira. This important battle was fought between...
Early Christian Churches in Pergamum
Archaeological excavations have revealed the remains of several church buildings in ancient Pergamum. These discoveries show that Christianity became well established in the city...
The Heresy of Balaam in Pergamum
It seems that, despite their faith in the new Christian religion, some believers in Pergamum were still following practices that St John considered dangerous....
A New Vision That Explains the First
After Saint John’s next vision, the meaning of the earlier vision becomes clearer. In the Book of Revelation, John describes a second beast that...
The Imperial Cult as a Political Issue
For Christians in the Roman Empire, refusing to offer sacrifice to the emperor was not only a religious decision. In Roman eyes, it was...
Meat Sacrifices and Public Ceremonies
In the ancient pagan world, religious ceremonies often included animal sacrifices. After the sacrifice, the meat was shared among the people. This practice allowed...
The Assembly at the Campus
When the day of the imperial proclamation arrived, all those concerned with the event gathered on the Campus at the Hebdomon. This included soldiers,...
Valens and the Development of the Harbour of the Hebdomon
Emperor Valens showed special interest in the suburb of the Hebdomon, not only by using it for important state ceremonies but also by improving...
Public Punishment and Imperial Justice at the Hebdomon
The Hebdomon was not only a place of military gathering and ceremony, but also a site where public executions were carried out. When executions...
Tekfour Serai and the Palace Question
Gyllius mentions Tekfour Serai under the name of the Palace of Constantine. He also recognizes that there was a Palace of the Magnaura located...
